Vijay Kumar Gaba: Bonds

Showing posts with label Bonds. Show all posts

Wednesday, April 24, 2024

Fears of grandpa coming true

In the past couple of weeks, I have heard more market participants talking about alternative assets like precious metals, cryptocurrencies, and bonds as compared to equities and equity derivatives. The trend has been more conspicuous, particularly after the first phase of voting for the 18^th Lok Sabha. The participants who were confident about an overwhelming majority for the incumbent government and strong equity rally post declaration of final results on 4^th June are now finding a need to hedge their exposure to equities. Surprisingly, none of the non-institutional investors/traders mentioned using equity derivatives to hedge their investment portfolios or trading positions.

I would like to share some of my impressions gathered from my numerous interactions with a variety of investors and traders - from very small ones to ultra-high networth; from frequent and short-term traders to long-only investors; from highly educated to less educated; professionals, businessmen to salaried; metro residents, tier2 & 3 town residents to semi-urban residents, etc.

· The understanding of equity derivatives is poor and misplaced. Most investors/traders assume Futures and Options to be speculative instruments only. They are mostly unaware of the hedging function of the equity derivatives. The intermediaries are playing a negligible role in promoting this awareness. Often their role is limited to making the clients sign complicated and illegible risk disclosure documents and posting some elementary guidance material on their websites.

· Contrary to popular belief, a significant number of traders are looking to buy precious metals (gold and silver) for short-term trade.

· The knowledge about precious metal market dynamics is abysmal amongst investors. Most people are buying gold and silver based on preconceived notions or word of mouth. Silver in particular is a strange case. Very few people have previous experience of buying or holding silver as an investment or trade. Given the complications in owning silver in physical form, most of them are looking at buying silver derivatives. Only a few are aware of Silver ETF etc.

· Cryptocurrencies are becoming a normalized trading option for young participants. Notwithstanding the regulatory limitations and frequent cautionary statements from the regulators, a large number of urban youth have taken to trading in cryptocurrencies. A large number of young traders are trading in cryptocurrencies on the advice of unregulated and unauthorized advisors. Their understanding of the underlying currencies is almost zilch. There is no effort from any side to create awareness about the cryptocurrency.

· A large number of household investors have been advised to allocate a larger proportion to bonds to benefit from anticipated rate cuts. Some of these investors are edgy as the narrative is moving away from “imminent cuts” to “cut or not to cut”.

I clearly remember in the 1980s and 1990s a large majority of Indian households believed investing in equities to be akin to gambling. They avoided investing in equities and preferred bank deposits. In the 2000s awareness about equities started to grow. New-age businesses, especially IT service companies and financial services firms, which paid a significant part of remuneration to their employees in the form of stock options, made equities an essential part of many middle-class households. The cult has been growing ever since.

However, in recent times, I am finding the fears of the 1980s generation are now coming true. Trading in equities, precious metals, bonds, etc. is increasingly becoming akin to gambling.

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Buffetology vs TikTok

In the pre-finfluencer era, we used to have gods in the financial markets. Those gods would make an occasional public appearance and talk about their views on markets and investment strategies. The market participant would listen to these gods with rapt attention and follow them religiously. All those Buffets, Mungers, Rogers, Finks, Woods, Jhunjhunwalas, Damanis, et. al. were revered names. Then TikTok, Instagram, and X (formerly Twitter) happened. Financial experts, economists, monetary theorists, and technical gurus mushroomed at the rate of 100 per hour.

Everyone who has traded stocks or crypto for three months is now an expert. They not only try to influence other investors/traders by giving unsolicited advice and recommendations; but also get influenced by the advice/recommendations of others who may not be any better than them. Sometimes it appears that there are more experts in the market than the actual number of investors and traders. Unfortunately, this is the situation worldwide.

Misallocation of capital and unwarranted and avoidable losses are some natural consequences of this phenomenon. However, a more significant consequence is a diminution of traditional correlations.

A multitude of market influencers is driven by individual positioning as against a conceptual understanding of finance and economics. There are no dominating views in the markets. Each influencer is influencing multiple traders and also getting influenced by multiple other influencers. Since more positions are driven by intuitions rather than fundamentals, the divergence between market prices and fair values is wider, and lasting much longer.

For example, consider the following:

Gold and bonds are trading in opposite directions. Gold, traditionally considered a hedge against a drop in real rates, started firming up in 2022. However, now that 2024 rate cuts are getting dropped from foreca500sts, gold has given its best 2-month performance in decades.

This divergence of gold from real rates, against the historical trend, is being explained from a variety of angles. Some believe that a US sovereign downgrade may be imminent. Others explain this as a move away from USD in a worsening geopolitical scenario. However, the equity positioning and tech valuations do not corroborate any of these views.

Similarly, equities and rate expectations are also diverging against the historical trend. In the past six months, S&P500 has rallied 25% despite hopes of 2024 rate cuts fading fast.

Recently, Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan, was quoted as saying, “We are prepared for a very broad range of interest rates, from 2% to 8% or even more”. Larry Summers, Former Treasury Secretary, a very reputable name in financial markets also said, “You have to take seriously the possibility that the next rate move will be upwards rather than downwards”. Michelle Bowman, FED Governor, also said, “I continue to see the risk that at a future meeting, we may need to increase the policy rate further should progress on inflation stall or even reverse."

But no one appears to be listening to these experts. Professional TikTokers are getting more attention than them. I will not be surprised if the people who trade on their advice learn some basic investing lessons paying a heavy price.

Tuesday, April 16, 2024

I am not worried about US public debt

The issue of high and rising US public debt is a subject matter of public discussion in Indian streets. Using a common Dalal Street phrase I can say that every paanwalla, taxi driver, and barber is now discussing how unsustainable US public debt is. For example, listen to this boy .

From top economists, analysts, and global strategists to a common man on the street, all are worried about an imminent US default and its impact on the global financial system, especially the developing and underdeveloped countries.

Currently, the US public debt is close to US$35trn (Appx 125% of annual GDP) and is projected to double in the next eight years. The current US government's annual interest payments are more than US$1trn (Appx 20% of annual federal revenue; 14% of annual federal spending and 4% of GDP). The average interest rate on the entire debt is less than 3% p.a.

As of June 2023, 43% of this debt was owned by the Federal Reserve System and State and Local Governments. 32% of the debt was owned by various domestic institutions (MF, Insurance, Pension, and Depositories, etc.) The balance 26% was owned by other institutions including foreign governments. Almost the entire debt is denominated in USD.

This debt level is a matter of concern but does not prima facie appear to be at a disaster level. The worrisome part is that about one-third of US public debt is short-term (12 months or less maturity). However, considering that a large part of this debt could be owned by the government institution and the Federal Reserve System, refinancing of this debt should not pose a significant problem. In my view, US debt could be sustained with 3-4% inflation, 20% USD devaluation, 5% revenue growth (higher taxes), and rationalization/reimbursement of various war funding expenses, this debt could be sustained, reduced, and serviced. It is of course going to be hard for US savers and middle classes for a decade or so. USD losing its reserve currency status may be collateral damage.

For context, as per the interim budget for FY25, India’s central government debt was ~Rs172trn as of 31^st March 2024. This is approximately 58% of GDP. 3% of this debt is held by foreign entities. However, using the standard IMF definition India’s Debt to GDP ratio is ~82%. Since most of this debt is INR-denominated and RBI is holding a strong US$650bn forex chest, servicing is not an issue.

However, as per FY24BE, interest expense would account for 25% of total government expenditure, after material cuts in subsidies. For a developing economy, this interest expense to government revenue expenditure is considered worrisome, as it hampers investments, keeps fiscal deficit high, makes interest rate cuts difficult, leads to lower social expenditure affecting the quality of life, and hampers further market borrowing capability of the government.

The small point is that investors in Indian securities should be more concerned about seemingly unsustainable public debt in India rather than the high debt levels of developed countries.

As a small investor with zero risk appetite, I keep a cushion for lower subsidies, late payments of government dues, higher effective taxes, small probability of higher rates in my investment strategy.

Tuesday, April 9, 2024

A man and an elephant

For many weeks, global markets have been behaving in a very desynchronized manner. Non-congruence is conspicuous even in the behavior of the same investor/trader operating in different market segments, e.g., equities, bonds, commodities, currencies, cryptocurrencies, etc.

For example, until a month ago an investor with a balanced 50:50 debt-equity asset allocation invested in bonds as if a soft landing was imminent leading to a series of policy rate cuts over the 12-15 months. The same investor invested in equities believing that earnings growth would surpass the estimates and stocks of top technology companies would continue with their dream run. The investor was content investing in USD assets assuming green greenback would strengthen and at the same time he was buying bitcoins expecting the demise of the extant monetary system by independent crypto or digital currencies.

Last week in the US, equities reached their all-time high levels as if all is well in political, geopolitical, climate, economic, and financial spheres. It felt that the Fed was about to begin a sharp rate cycle, earnings growth had rebounded, Sino-US relations had normalized, the Gaza ceasefire had been announced, and El Nino had ended. However, across the street, the bond market was selling off as if prices were going out of control forcing the Fed to push the rate cuts to 2025. Back street, the bullion market announced that a recession was imminent. Across the Ocean, crude prices were rising as if a war was imminent with Iran threatening to escalate. In dark streets, crypto traders were laughing at conventional investors/traders rushing to bullion markets to hedge against recessionary weakness in USD.

Back home, last week equity indices reached their all-time high. Nifty Small Cap 100 gained over 7%. Commodity stocks rallied as if a bullish commodities cycle was imminent. Ignoring RBI's concerns over prices and credit, bond prices corrected only marginally. No one bothered to care about political manifestoes which are promising fiscal profligacy of gigantic proportion. USDINR appreciated marginally ruling out any pressure on the current account and balance of payment due to the sharp spike in energy & gold prices (two major imports of India) and FPI flow reversal due to the narrowing yield differential between India and developed market yields. People are also rushing to buy Silver (up 10% last week) to make some quick gains.

One of the largest asset management companies is running equities weight close to the lowest permissible in their balanced fund. It has also restricted flows to their smallcap fund. The top fund manager at this AMC is one of the most respectable names in the industry. Considering that the Smallcap index was up 7% last week against the 0.8% rise in Nifty, it seems, no one is listening to his sane advice.

We have all heard the story of an elephant and six blind men. It goes like this.

Once upon a time, there lived six blind men in a village. One day the villagers told them, "Hey, there is an elephant in the village today."

They had no idea what an elephant is. They decided, "Even though we would not be able to see it, let us go and feel it anyway." All of them went where the elephant was. Every one of them touched the elephant.

"Hey, the elephant is a pillar," said the first man who touched his leg.

"Oh, no! it is like a rope," said the second man who touched the tail.

"Oh, no! it is like a thick branch of a tree," said the third man who touched the trunk of the elephant.

"It is like a big hand fan" said the fourth man who touched the ear of the elephant.

"It is like a huge wall," said the fifth man who touched the belly of the elephant.

"It is like a solid pipe," Said the sixth man who touched the elephant's tusk.

They began to argue about the elephant and every one of them insisted that he was right. A wise man was passing by and he saw this. He stopped and asked them, "What is the matter?" They said, "We cannot agree on what the elephant is like." Each one of them told what he thought the elephant was like. The wise man calmly explained to them, "All of you are right. The reason every one of you is telling it differently is because each one of you touched a different part of the elephant. So, the elephant has all those features that you all said."

"Oh!" everyone said. There was no more fight. They felt happy that they were all right.

The story's moral is that there may be some truth to what someone says. Sometimes we can see that truth and sometimes not because they may have different perspectives which we may not agree to.

But I am witnessing a different phenomenon. No six blindfolded men are feeling different parts of an elephant this time. It is only one person who sees different parts of an elephant with open eyes and is not able to tell that it is an elephant.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Financial assets have two clear manifestation. Which one you see?

Continuing from yesterday (see here)

Many readers have asked a very pertinent question, viz., "why the stock prices are not reflecting the economic reality?" It is a common knowledge that the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic and consequent socio-economic shutdown has caused extensive damage to

After pondering over this question for many days, I have reached the following conclusions:

All financial assets (Bonds, Equity, MF Units, Derivatives etc.) have two clear manifestations - (i) Interest in some underlying business(es) or loan to some underlying business with or without a charge on the assets; and (ii) independent commodity without any regard to the any underlying business or asset.

When someone buys equity shares of a company with the intent of acquiring an interest in the underlying business of that company, he is considered an investor in that underlying business. He may use the services of stock broker or may buy directly from the company or some other shareholder. Such a person is mindful of the price he is paying for acquiring the interest in the business. He usually would not like to pay much more than what he believes is the fair value of that business, based on various parameters like future cash flows, replacement cost of assets, market leadership (product, technology, brand, accessibility etc.), competitive advantages etc.

This person would be usually concerned with the performance of the company as reflected by the profitability, cash flows, solvency margins, and sustainability etc. The price at which the stock is trading on the stock exchanges would be least of his concern.

Similarly, when a person lends money to a business with the intent of earning a regular fixed income over the predefined term of loan, he is concerned with the liquidity, solvency and viability of such a business during the term of the loan. How the yields on benchmark government security or other corporate securities move on day to day basis would be least of his concern.

When a person buys a security which is regularly traded on some platform like stock exchange, or buys units of a mutual fund in which the underlying asset is the security regularly traded on some platform, with the intent of selling these securities at a higher price at some point in future, he is a trader, dealing in securities as commodities. He is concerned with the day to day market price of the security.

The interest in business of an investor is mostly linked to the real economy. Good businesses will usually do well in a growing economy; and these will do relatively better in a declining economy. Nonetheless, during the down cycles of the economy growth of most of the businesses will slow down.

However, when we consider financial assets as commodities, the dynamics completely changes. The day to day price of the stocks or bonds is determined purely by the forces of demand and supply on that particular day. The factors like storage capacity (margin money or loss bearing capacity) and carrying cost (interest rates, forward premiums etc) significantly influence the demand and supply. Temporary demand or supply disruptions (ban on short selling, hike in margins, market shut down, credit freeze etc.) significantly impact the market prices. The day to day prices usually have little or no connection with real economy.

In past three months, global central banks have added significant liquidity to the global financial system. This additional liquidity is available at near zero cost. Naturally, the demand for "securities as commodity" is higher due to higher holding capacity and lower carrying costs.

Similarly, when someone buys units of a mutual fund, he has no control over the asset or securities underlying those units. It is the discretion (or decision) of the fund manager (or index manager in case of ETF) that would decide what would be the asset underlying those mutual fund units. I wonder how could someone be termed as an investor or lender if I have absolutely no control over the security or asset I am buying or the entity I am lending to?

Also, consider if a fund manager tells you that I will interest in these five businesses and hold it for next 20years regardless of the market price of their stock, and charge you 2% every year for holding stock on your behalf. How many investors would agree to this proposition?

Obviously, when you buy units of a mutual fund, you entrust your money to an expert who has a track record of dealing in "securities as commodity". Your bet is on the jokey (fund manager) and not the horse (underlying securities); because you have no clue about or control over the horse.

Therefore, basically buying mutual units is also trading in "securities as commodity". The gains and losses from this trade are closely linked to the day to day demand and supply equilibrium without any regard to the strength of ultimate underlying business.

The occurrences in the debt mutual funds in past 12-15 months aptly illustrate this point. A debt mutual fund receives a large redemption request (excess supply) on a day when the liquidity in the market is tight. To meet the redemption obligation, the fund manager sells bonds below fair value causing loss to the unit holder. The company who had issued this bond is working perfectly fine and is fully solvent. This phenomenon can only be explained if we treat MF units as commodity, which realized less money because supply was more than demand on that particular day.

If the market participants assimilate these two manifestations of the financial assets, it would be much easier to navigate through market cycles and business (economic) cycles.