Vijay Kumar Gaba: Equities

Showing posts with label Equities. Show all posts

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Buffetology vs TikTok

In the pre-finfluencer era, we used to have gods in the financial markets. Those gods would make an occasional public appearance and talk about their views on markets and investment strategies. The market participant would listen to these gods with rapt attention and follow them religiously. All those Buffets, Mungers, Rogers, Finks, Woods, Jhunjhunwalas, Damanis, et. al. were revered names. Then TikTok, Instagram, and X (formerly Twitter) happened. Financial experts, economists, monetary theorists, and technical gurus mushroomed at the rate of 100 per hour.

Everyone who has traded stocks or crypto for three months is now an expert. They not only try to influence other investors/traders by giving unsolicited advice and recommendations; but also get influenced by the advice/recommendations of others who may not be any better than them. Sometimes it appears that there are more experts in the market than the actual number of investors and traders. Unfortunately, this is the situation worldwide.

Misallocation of capital and unwarranted and avoidable losses are some natural consequences of this phenomenon. However, a more significant consequence is a diminution of traditional correlations.

A multitude of market influencers is driven by individual positioning as against a conceptual understanding of finance and economics. There are no dominating views in the markets. Each influencer is influencing multiple traders and also getting influenced by multiple other influencers. Since more positions are driven by intuitions rather than fundamentals, the divergence between market prices and fair values is wider, and lasting much longer.

For example, consider the following:

Gold and bonds are trading in opposite directions. Gold, traditionally considered a hedge against a drop in real rates, started firming up in 2022. However, now that 2024 rate cuts are getting dropped from foreca500sts, gold has given its best 2-month performance in decades.

This divergence of gold from real rates, against the historical trend, is being explained from a variety of angles. Some believe that a US sovereign downgrade may be imminent. Others explain this as a move away from USD in a worsening geopolitical scenario. However, the equity positioning and tech valuations do not corroborate any of these views.

Similarly, equities and rate expectations are also diverging against the historical trend. In the past six months, S&P500 has rallied 25% despite hopes of 2024 rate cuts fading fast.

Recently, Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan, was quoted as saying, “We are prepared for a very broad range of interest rates, from 2% to 8% or even more”. Larry Summers, Former Treasury Secretary, a very reputable name in financial markets also said, “You have to take seriously the possibility that the next rate move will be upwards rather than downwards”. Michelle Bowman, FED Governor, also said, “I continue to see the risk that at a future meeting, we may need to increase the policy rate further should progress on inflation stall or even reverse."

But no one appears to be listening to these experts. Professional TikTokers are getting more attention than them. I will not be surprised if the people who trade on their advice learn some basic investing lessons paying a heavy price.

Tuesday, April 9, 2024

A man and an elephant

For many weeks, global markets have been behaving in a very desynchronized manner. Non-congruence is conspicuous even in the behavior of the same investor/trader operating in different market segments, e.g., equities, bonds, commodities, currencies, cryptocurrencies, etc.

For example, until a month ago an investor with a balanced 50:50 debt-equity asset allocation invested in bonds as if a soft landing was imminent leading to a series of policy rate cuts over the 12-15 months. The same investor invested in equities believing that earnings growth would surpass the estimates and stocks of top technology companies would continue with their dream run. The investor was content investing in USD assets assuming green greenback would strengthen and at the same time he was buying bitcoins expecting the demise of the extant monetary system by independent crypto or digital currencies.

Last week in the US, equities reached their all-time high levels as if all is well in political, geopolitical, climate, economic, and financial spheres. It felt that the Fed was about to begin a sharp rate cycle, earnings growth had rebounded, Sino-US relations had normalized, the Gaza ceasefire had been announced, and El Nino had ended. However, across the street, the bond market was selling off as if prices were going out of control forcing the Fed to push the rate cuts to 2025. Back street, the bullion market announced that a recession was imminent. Across the Ocean, crude prices were rising as if a war was imminent with Iran threatening to escalate. In dark streets, crypto traders were laughing at conventional investors/traders rushing to bullion markets to hedge against recessionary weakness in USD.

Back home, last week equity indices reached their all-time high. Nifty Small Cap 100 gained over 7%. Commodity stocks rallied as if a bullish commodities cycle was imminent. Ignoring RBI's concerns over prices and credit, bond prices corrected only marginally. No one bothered to care about political manifestoes which are promising fiscal profligacy of gigantic proportion. USDINR appreciated marginally ruling out any pressure on the current account and balance of payment due to the sharp spike in energy & gold prices (two major imports of India) and FPI flow reversal due to the narrowing yield differential between India and developed market yields. People are also rushing to buy Silver (up 10% last week) to make some quick gains.

One of the largest asset management companies is running equities weight close to the lowest permissible in their balanced fund. It has also restricted flows to their smallcap fund. The top fund manager at this AMC is one of the most respectable names in the industry. Considering that the Smallcap index was up 7% last week against the 0.8% rise in Nifty, it seems, no one is listening to his sane advice.

We have all heard the story of an elephant and six blind men. It goes like this.

Once upon a time, there lived six blind men in a village. One day the villagers told them, "Hey, there is an elephant in the village today."

They had no idea what an elephant is. They decided, "Even though we would not be able to see it, let us go and feel it anyway." All of them went where the elephant was. Every one of them touched the elephant.

"Hey, the elephant is a pillar," said the first man who touched his leg.

"Oh, no! it is like a rope," said the second man who touched the tail.

"Oh, no! it is like a thick branch of a tree," said the third man who touched the trunk of the elephant.

"It is like a big hand fan" said the fourth man who touched the ear of the elephant.

"It is like a huge wall," said the fifth man who touched the belly of the elephant.

"It is like a solid pipe," Said the sixth man who touched the elephant's tusk.

They began to argue about the elephant and every one of them insisted that he was right. A wise man was passing by and he saw this. He stopped and asked them, "What is the matter?" They said, "We cannot agree on what the elephant is like." Each one of them told what he thought the elephant was like. The wise man calmly explained to them, "All of you are right. The reason every one of you is telling it differently is because each one of you touched a different part of the elephant. So, the elephant has all those features that you all said."

"Oh!" everyone said. There was no more fight. They felt happy that they were all right.

The story's moral is that there may be some truth to what someone says. Sometimes we can see that truth and sometimes not because they may have different perspectives which we may not agree to.

But I am witnessing a different phenomenon. No six blindfolded men are feeling different parts of an elephant this time. It is only one person who sees different parts of an elephant with open eyes and is not able to tell that it is an elephant.

Tuesday, April 2, 2024

FY24 – Resilient growth and positive sentiments

FY23 was mostly a year of normalization. After two years of disruptions, uncertainty, and volatility, both the markets and the economy regained a semblance of normalcy in terms of the level of activity, trajectory of growth, direction, and future outlook.

Building on the momentum regained in FY23, the Indian economy and the markets made a steady move forward in the financial year FY24. The resilience of growth has been surprising, given the tighter money conditions and challenging external environment.

The global economy was also stable despite geopolitical and climate challenges. Global markets accordingly performed well. The sentiments remained mostly positive and supportive of risk.

The following are some of the highlights of the performance during FY24.

Equity Markets

Indian equity market was amongst the best-performing global markets. The benchmark Nifty yielded a return of ~29% (27% in USD terms), which was in line with the US markets (S&P500 +28%), but much higher than Europe (Stoxx600 +12%; DAX +18%).

Asian markets were mixed. Japanese equities were the top global performers (Nikkei255 +44%); South Korea (KOSPI +17%) did reasonably well; while China (Shanghai Composite -7%), Singapore (-14%) and Hong Kong (Hang Seng -19%) ended the year with major losses.

Broader markets at the center stage

The primary action was away from the benchmark Nifty. Broader markets sharply outperformed the benchmark in one of their best years in the past decade. Nifty Smallcap 100 (+70%) and Nifty Midcap 100 (+60%) led the market gains.

The overall market cap was higher by 50% yoy against Nifty50 gaining 29% (81% of total market cap) and Nifty500 gaining 39% (91% of total market cap). Some part of the gap could be explained by new listings, but most of this is attributable to the massive outperformance of smallcap stocks.

Sector-wise, Realty, PSU Banks, Auto, Energy, Infra, Pharma and Metal stocks were top outperformers. Financials (ex PSU Banks), FMCG, IT Services were notable underperformers. Micro-sector-wise, renewable energy stocks were outstanding while chemicals were the worst performers.

Nifty consistent performer; broader markets more volatile

The benchmark Nifty50 yielded positive month-on-month returns for nine out of twelve months in FY24. However, the market breadth was negative in five out of twelve months implying much higher volatility in the broader markets.

Institutional flows positive, Nifty-Flow correlation breaks in 4QFY24

Institutional flows were materially positive for FY24. Net domestic and foreign flows in the secondary equity market amounted to Rs3609bn. Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) were net buyers of Rs1510bn while domestic institutions pumped in Rs2099bn. FPIs were net sellers in four out of twelve months. The nifty-institutional flow correlation however completely broke down in 4QFY24 when Nifty gained less than 3% despite Rs1042bn of net institutional flows.

Debt and Currency Markets

Indian debt and currency markets were mostly stable during FY24, showing little volatility. RBI did not make any changes to the policy rates.

The benchmark 10-year treasury bond yields eased to 7.05% from 7.3% a year earlier. USDINR weakened 1.8% to 83.37 from 81.87 a year earlier. Lending and term deposit rates were higher by up to 50bps. The yield curve shifted lower and flattened completely.

The RBI continued with its “withdrawal of accommodation” policy stance. The liquidity position therefore remained tight for most of the year. The credit growth outstripped the deposit growth. Overnight and call money rates were accordingly higher by 70-90bps.

Economic conditions

Overall GDP growth was consistent and strong for the first three-quarters of FY24. Beating all forecasts and consensus estimates, FY24 GDP is poised to show a growth of over 7% yoy. FY25 GDP growth estimates have accordingly been upgraded.

· CPI Inflation mostly remained within the RBI’s tolerance band of 4-6% (except for a short spike in 1QFY24). Core inflation eased below 4% in 4QFY24.

· Real rates have mostly remained in positive territory during FY24.

· Private consumption, household savings, and government consumption expenditure were some of the distinct areas of slowdown.

· Project awarding activity witnessed a marked slowdown in 2HFY24.

· Rural markets gave mixed signals of demand recovery. For example, farm tractor sales declined again in 2HFY24, while 2w-3w sales staged some recovery. FMCG companies’ commentary remained mostly cautious about the consumption demand recovery in rural areas.

· External conditions were broadly good. The current account balance was manageable at 1.2% of GDP during 9MFY24, supported mostly by services and remittances. Merchandise trade balance remained negative.

· Electronics (6.5% of total exports) and Pharmaceutical (6.3% of total exports) registered good growth, while traditional petroleum products, gems and jewelry, and textiles recorded materially negative growth during 9MFY24.

· Net FDI flows continued to decline for the third consecutive year.

Commodities

FY24 was a mixed year for commodities. Precious metals (Gold +15%) and crude oil (Brent 10%) recorded decent gains, while industrial metals (Nickel -30%, Zinc -17%, Steel -19%), natural gas (-21%), coal (-28%), and agri commodities (Wheat -19%, Soy -21%) ended the year with strong losses.

Crypto shine

Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin staged a massive recovery during FY24, ending the year at all-time high levels. The newest asset category gained a wider acceptance during the year from market participants and regulators.

Wednesday, December 20, 2023

2023: What worked and what did not

The 2023^rd year of the Christ is ending on a rather buoyant note for the Indian financial markets. The equity markets are at all-time high levels. Bond markets are now looking up, after challenging 18 months. Cryptocurrencies have yielded good returns. Gold has also been positive. Macroeconomic conditions have become supportive of the markets – prices are under control, currency stable, twin deficits under control, no overhang of government borrowing crowding out private capex, manufacturing growth is accelerating as capacity utilizations improve and PLI payments begin to flow in, and overall growth is the best amongst the global peer. The foreign flows have improved, while the overall domestic flows have remained strong. Corporate earnings remained buoyant led by easing raw material prices, improved domestic demand environment, deleveraged balance sheets, and materially improved asset quality for the lenders.

Stock markets – Capex theme finally catches up

The Benchmark Nifty50 has gained ~18.5% YTD2023. But the heightened action was witnessed in the broader markets where Nifty smallcap100 gained ~53% and Nifty Midcap100 gained ~45%, sharply outperforming the benchmark. The overall market capitalization of NSE increased ~26.6% to Rs355 trillion (US$4.28trn).

The investment theme - capital goods, infrastructure, construction, and manufacturing were the top themes in 2023. Defense, clean energy, Real Estate, power, roads, railways, etc. - did exceedingly well. The materials (metals, cement, etc.); large private banks, services, and consumer finance were relative underperformers.

· Realty, Defense & Railways PSEs, PSU lenders, Power, and Clean Energy were the top themes for 2023.

· International equity funds and Gold ETFs were the worst-performing fund categories; smallcap funds were the remarkable outperformers.

· Most large cap funds managed to beat the benchmark Nifty50 by a decent margin.

· The valuation gap between broader markets and Nifty widened to 2018 levels when a sharp correction was witnessed in broader markets.

· Long-term (5yr rolling CAGR) Nifty returns are in double-digit for the unprecedented fourth year.

Earnings growth – all set for a sustained up move

Nifty EPS is all set to record a fourth consecutive year of double-digit growth in FY24. The earnings in the five years FY20-FY24e have grown at 14.4% CAGR. The outlook for FY25 and FY26 is also promising with consensus estimates suggesting over 15% CAGR over FY25-FY26.

Flows positive – Quality of domestic flows remain good

The overall institutional flows in the secondary markets remained positive consistently. Over all, FPIs pumped in over Rs 1.12 trillion (YTD 2023) in Indian equities; while domestic institutions were buyer to the tune of Rs1.74trn. The best part was the quality of flows. The entire Rs1.7trn of domestic new flows was through SIP route and hence sustainable and stable.

Debt and currency – bonds stable amidst global turmoil; INR marginally lower

Indian debt and currency markets were perhaps the most stable among the global emerging market and developed market peers. While the sovereign ratings of countries like the US and China witnessed adverse rating action, India’s sovereign rating remained stable with a case for upgrade. The benchmark yields ended lower for the year despite tighter liquidity and higher policy rates. During the year INR was down ~5% against USD and ~9% against EUR.

As the yields were mostly stable and the yield curve flattened, duration did not affect the bond returns. Most debt funds (including Liquid) on average yielded 6-6.5% return.

Commodities – deflation sets in

The year 2023 has not been good for commodities. With the global central bankers determined to reign inflation with aggressive, monetary tightening, demand slowing, and post-Covid logistic challenges easing materially, most commodities yielded negative returns in 2023. Natural gas, agri commodities (wheat & corn) crude oil, and base metals were notable losers.

· Precious metals managed to stay in positive territory but did not yield any return despite having all the reasons to do that.

· Energy prices have corrected back to the pre-covid period. Natural Gas and Crude Oil (despite higher production cuts by OPEC+) ended sharply lower. Natural gas prices are now lowest in three years. The latest inventory, consumption, and production forecasts for 2024 and 2025 are indicating further easing in energy prices over the next couple of years.

· Agri commodities corrected despite inclement weather conditions across geographies and continued hostilities in Ukraine and sanctions on Russia.

Cryptos – Gaining wider acceptance

Cryptocurrencies have been the best performing asset for the year. Value of Bitcoin, the largest and most popular cryptocurrency, has gained ~250% during 2023. Cryptocurrencies continued to gain wider acceptance from governments, regulators, financial institutions, market participants, and investors. Several smaller African and Latin American countries, like the Central African Republic, Uganda, Zimbabwe, El Salvadore, Paraguay, Venezuela, etc. have adopted cryptocurrencies in their monetary system, some even declaring bitcoin as legal tender.

Economic Growth – India best in the class

The overall economic growth is moderate as two of the primary engines of global growth the US and China stuttered. Germany and Sweden flirted with recession for most of the year, while the UK, France, and other European countries barely grew. In Latin America, Brazil managed to grow its economy by 3%, Argentina, and Chile were in recession, and other economies barely grew. The leading commodity-producing economies in Middle East Asia, Africa, and the Pacific (Australia) were either stagnant or contracted.

India - Best in the class

1HFY24 GDP growth (7.7% yoy) has surprised on the upside, beating the RBI estimates (6.8%) by a fairly wide margin. Most agencies and analysts have upgraded their growth forecasts for the entire financial year FY24 by 20-50bps. RBI had earlier estimated FY24 GDP growth to be 6.5%; but the current trajectory is indicating that India’s GDP may record 7% growth in the current year. The growth momentum also indicates that the present rates may not be restrictive for growth.