Do it yourself

Thursday, March 7, 2024

Is your glass half empty too?

We are currently in a market phase where most asset prices are rising. Equity indices (Nifty over 22200) are close to an all-time high. Gold prices (over US$2125/oz) are at an all-time high. Bond prices (benchmark 10-year yields 7.05% from 7.50% a year ago) have recovered from their recent lows. Bitcoins (US$66000) are trading at an all-time high. Real Estate prices in India are also close to their highest levels in most metros.

Prima facie, all investors should be celebrating FY24 as one of the best years in their investment journey. However, a recent interaction with many small (retail) and high-networth investors indicates that for a significant proportion of investors, it may be a “glass half empty” kind of situation.

The common regrets of over 100 investors I spoke to at three different gatherings could be listed as follows:

· They stayed invested with the top-performing fund managers of 2018-2020. However, these fund managers have underperformed materially in the past couple of years.

· They remained overweight in the bellwether stocks like HDFC Bank, Kotak Bank, Asian Paints, Hindustan Unilever, Dabur, ITC, Brittania, Infosys, Bajaj Finance, SRF, UPL, etc. These stocks have massively underperformed Nifty in FY24.

· They either participated aggressively in failed IPOs; or missed successful IPOs: or sold at panic lows; or bought at post-listing euphoric highs.

· They wrote off conventional energy and regret not participating in the massive rally in stocks like Coal India, NTPC, Oil India, NLC, etc. Even though they have made very good gains in renewables.

· They took the advice to invest more in silver rather than gold. Silver has massively underperformed gold.

· Prompted by the semiconductor shortages during COVID-19, many people allocated decent money to Asian equities, especially Chinese and Taiwanese. This part of the portfolio has underperformed in the past three years.

· Some HNIs allocated decent money to US Bonds in December 2023. They were advised that the Federal Reserve shall start cutting rates in February and bond yields could fall to sub 3% level. It seems the rate cut has been delayed in the US and the bond yields are higher YTD2024. That part of asset allocation is giving some jitters now.

· They skipped investing in Bitcoins due to fears of regulatory clamp-down and negative publicity. However, the sharp outperformance of Bitcoin over Gold, USD, and Equities is making them regret it.

· The most common regret was losing money in option trades. Most of them increased their option trading activity by allocating more money. Some did it for fun sake – to get a kick. Many did it to make quick gains. The accumulated losses in options are now material in many cases.

For now, the consensus appears – a pre-election rally in March, higher volatility and range-bound market till May 2024, and a sharp rally post the formation of a new stronger BJP government. The portfolio positioning is aligned with this consensus.

Any deviation in the actual outcome, as compared to the consensus positioning, may see some panic unwinding, in my view. However, if the consensus proves to be right, we might see much higher highs in 2H2024.

Wednesday, March 6, 2024

Myth of tax-free agriculture income

The tax-free status of agricultural income has been a contentious issue amongst the urban middle class of India for a long time. The issue is raked up every year close to the budget presentation. It is also commonly used as an argument against farm subsidies, MSP, and other farm sector reforms.

In my view, the whole debate and discussions around the taxation of agriculture income in India amongst the urban middle class is driven by misunderstanding and ignorance about agriculture economics in India.

Constitutional status of the Agriculture Income

It is important to understand the constitutional and legal status of the agriculture income in India, before discussing the taxation aspect.

· Agriculture is a state subject as per the Constitution of India (Entry 46 in the State List of Schedule VII). The power to tax agriculture income vests in the respective state government. The central government cannot tax agricultural income. A few state governments, like, Assam, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, have enacted legislation to tax the agriculture income in their respective states. Most of these legislations tax only orchards and plantations and exempt staple food crops like wheat, rice, and vegetables, etc.

· Agriculture income is exempt from Income-tax under section 10(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. As per section 2(1A) of the Act, agriculture income that is exempt from tax is defined as:

i. Rent (cash or in kind) earned from any land in India which is used for agricultural purposes, or

ii. Any income from the production of agricultural goods; from activities necessary to make agriculture produce fit for selling (e.g., removal of husk from paddy), and from sale of such agriculture goods by the cultivator or receiver of rent in kind.

iii. Income from building owned and occupied by the cultivator or receiver of rent, provided the building is on or near the land and is required as a dwelling house, or as a store-house, or other out-building.

· Income from livestock, fisheries, forestry, etc. (commonly referred to as allied activities) is not considered part of the agricultural income.

· Income from Coffee and Tea plantations is subject to presumptive taxation. 40% of such income is considered taxable income.

· Agriculture income is considered for determining the marginal rate of tax for assessees, and all non-agriculture income is taxed at such marginal rate of taxation.

Quantum of agriculture income

As per the second advance estimate of national income for FY24, total GVA from Agriculture and Allied activities is estimated to be Rs46.92 trillion (About 18% of total GVA). The share of crops (agriculture activity as per the Income Tax Act) in this GVA is approximately 55% (Economic Survey FY23). Hence, the GVA from Agriculture is roughly Rs25.81 trillion.

As per the last agriculture census (2015-2016), the total number of operation holdings in the country was 146 million. It is most likely that the number of holdings now is higher than this. However, if we take this number only, the average income per farm is approximately Rs1,76,700.

It is pertinent to note here that during AY2022-23, a total of 74 million income tax returns were filed. Out of this, 51.6 million (appx 70%) income tax returns declared zero or negative (refund) tax liability. In the case of farmers, over 99% of farmers would have total income less than the threshold of Rs7 lacs.

Agriculture economics

The last agriculture census divided the operational holdings as per their sizes in the following categories.

· The average size of an operational holding was 1.08 hectares (approximately 2.67 acres).

· Small and Marginal holdings (0 to 2 hectares or less than 5.3 acres) accounted for 86.2% of total operational holdings. This accounted for appx 47.3% of the total operational area.

· Semi Medium and Medium holdings (2 to 10 hectares) were 13.2% of total holdings accounting for 43.6% of the total operational area.

· The large holdings (10 hectares or above) were only 0.57% accounting for 9% of the total operational area.

Now consider farming economics.

The largest part of the operational holdings is used for growing staples like wheat, rice maize etc. The maximum a large farmer can earn from these crops is Rs200000 to Rs2,50,000/hectare per year, assuming he takes two full crops. For small and marginal farmers these earnings are limited to Rs125000 to Rs175000/hectare per year. (Assuming average productivity of 3.5 tons per hectare)

For Sugarcane average earnings is Rs140000 to Rs165000/hectare per year. (Assuming average productivity of 85 tons per hectare).

For Pulses, and oilseeds the average earnings per year could range between Rs2,50,000 to Rs3,00,000. (assuming average productivity of one ton for pulses and 1.2 tons for oil seeds)

For vegetables and fruits, average earnings could range between Rs4,00,000 to Rs5,00,000 in good years.

Tax revenue potential

As per the above optimistic earnings estimates and assuming only one bad crop in three years, the total tax collection potential from farmers could be projected as follows:

· Small and marginal farmers (46% of operational holdings) assuming an average holding of one hectare per family of two adults – NIL

· Medium farmers (43.6% operational holdings), assuming an average holding of 5 hectares per family of 2 adults growing one staple crop and one cash crop- NIL

· Large farmers (9% of operational holdings), assuming an average holding of 15 hectares divided equally between staples & cash crops and 50% given on rent or crop share, accounting for 15% of crop GVA, four adults per family, and effective tax rate 20% - Rs40000cr.

Of course, these are back-of-the-envelope calculations with very optimistic estimates of crop productivity and prices. If we consider one bad crop in three years (which is the normal case) the potential tax collection will diminish materially. Also, if we adjust it for the taxes already been collected by the states, the potential will be even less.

For context, during FY23, the government collected Rs19,72,248 crore in gross direct taxes. The top potential for tax on agriculture is just 2% of this amount.

Trivia

Many people might be using agriculture income for laundering money. They may be showing exaggerated income from their farmlands just to convert their black money (cash) into white money. If we start taxing agricultural income, they will just stop this practice. Nothing will get added to the revenue kitty. Rather, the cash will stay in the parallel economy, and the interest income (which would have been otherwise fully taxable if the principal amount was declared as legal money), will also escape the taxation.

In conclusion, this whole discussion about taxing agriculture income is much ado about nothing.

Tuesday, March 5, 2024

Cognitive dissonance- 4

Continuing from last week

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is still in the early stages. How many more job losses shall we witness in the coming years due to automation?

Last week, one of the popular viral videos on Indian social media was about the views of Mr. Rahul Gandhi, Lok Sabha MP, and Mr. K. Annamalai, Tamil Nadu State President of BJP, on the challenges of artificial intelligence (AI). In the video, Mr. Annamalai is seen eloquently explaining the challenges of AI to young students, while Mr. Gandhi is seen doing some whataboutery to hide his lack of proper understanding.

Discussing the matter with many people who chose to forward the video to me, I found that the key reason for their forwarding this video is to show Mr. Gandhi in a poor light and not bother about the challenges of AI. They deliberately chose to ignore that both Mr. Gandhi Mr. Annamalai may not be in a position to make policies, at least for the next five years; whereas Chief Ministers of the largest populated and most industrialized states in India, and even some of the top leadership of the country, may be equally lacking in understanding about the challenges of AI, as Mr. Gandhi. Many of these may even fail to spell Artificial Intelligence correctly. That ought to be an issue these people should be worrying about and discussing.

Until a few months ago, India’s IT minister rejected the threat of AI to jobs in India as “nonsense”. Recently he reluctantly acknowledged that “AI may result in automating some routine jobs but will also result in job creation in various data science, data curation, etc.” This is in total contrast to what the global IT leaders believe. For example, Elon Musk insists AI will get humans to a point where “no job is needed.”

In a recent famous interview with Trucker Carlson, President Vladimir Putin expressed fears that the developments in AI and genetics could potentially be a threat to humanity as a whole in the future. He said, “When there arises an understanding that the boundless and uncontrolled development of artificial intelligence or genetics or some other modern trends, cannot be stopped, that these researches will still exist just as it was impossible to hide gunpowder from humanity... when humanity feels a threat to itself, to humanity as a whole, then, it seems to me, there will come a period to negotiate at the inter-state level on how we will regulate this.”

Notwithstanding the state of denial by politicians, the campus recruitment by Indian IT companies in FY24 was just 75000, the lowest since 2002.

The Viking expansion during the 8^th – 11^th centuries reshaped the history, culture, and commerce of the world, by laying the ground for global colonial imperialism. It was aided by the first industrial revolution (1760-1820). The Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) redrew the contours of global strategic balance. The atomic attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) established a new world order that was dominated by trade and commerce rather than military power. The development of Artificial Intelligence is a similar event in world history. It has the potential to redefine how people procreate, live, think, work, interact, transact, entertain, and die. AI could pose a much bigger threat than nuclear weapons; and could be a bigger service to humanity than any medicine or healthcare procedure.

Confining the discussion on AI to job losses would be beyond ridiculous.

On a lighter note, let me share a recent anecdote. An acquaintance (56-year-old) was running a 110-seater call center in Delhi for 24yrs. He had to shut the operations as his major clients automated their processes. He has converted the facility into a stock market jobbing facility by retraining all 110 operators. He is making 2x more money than the best years of call center business. Employees are also taking home 25-50% more. He told me, “Let Nvidia and Musk do whatever. We will make money trading their stocks. If we cannot compete with Nvidia, and Microsoft, we will own them!”

The point is that unemployment due to AI is a worry only for those who refuse to adapt, retrain, and reskill. For others AI is a major opportunity to move to higher orbits. The real damage due to AI could happen in social, personal, and emotional spheres.

Thursday, February 29, 2024

Cognitive dissonance- 3

Continuing from yesterday.

If the job crisis is so severe, why is the incumbent government so popular, especially among the youth?

The incumbent prime minister, reportedly, enjoys the highest rating amongst the popular leaders of the world. In particular, he is very popular amongst the youth and women in India.

India faces one of the worst youth unemployment rates globally. Indian homemakers are facing serious challenges in managing their household budgets due to inflation. According to the World Bank, the youth unemployment rate in India could be comparable to war-torn economies like Syria, Yemen, Lebanon etc. The unemployment rate and household inflation have worsened or failed to improve in the past 10 years.

The question thus arises, why is the incumbent government still popular amongst youth and women?

I have discussed this aspect with numerous common people, like myself, nationwide over the past couple of years. My conclusion is as follows:

(a) Contrary to common perception, the incumbent government is not very popular with the people. It is the Prime Minister who is popular, not his team or the administration. A majority of people defend the prime minister, arguing that he sincerely wants to make life of the people better, but the administration is corrupt and not supporting him fully.

(b) A majority of the prime minister’s supporters believe that he is a divine incarnation and he could only salvage them from their misery and distress.

(c) The popularity of the incumbent government and the prime minister is significantly higher in West and North India, as compared to South and East India. He is also relatively less popular in the states where there are strong local leaders.

(d) The lower middle-class youth is increasingly becoming kind of masochist. They appear to be comfortable with their pain and misery, so long as their neighbors are more miserable and are in deeper pain.

(e) Above all, the welfare schemes of the government have benefitted poor households. The campaign to promote these schemes is very strong and effective, strengthening the connection between beneficiaries and the prime Minister.

(f) Overindulgence with social media is making youth delusional.

(g) Partisan reporting by electronic media has affected the judgment of gullible households to a material extent.

(h) The lack of a visible opposition leader with a pan-India appeal, and the lack of any competition from within the BJP to the prime minister’s supremacy, are helping the prime

Wednesday, February 28, 2024

Cognitive dissonance- 2

Continuing from yesterday’s post, let me share my thoughts on the issues raised therein.

If the condition of the economy is so bad, why are the equity markets booming?

In my view, there is nothing unusual or unprecedented in the current equity market behavior. We have witnessed markets scaling new highs during 1989-1994 (Sensex up 482%) when the global economy was struggling in the aftermath of the severe global economic slowdown; NATO forces attacking Iraq and a sharp rise in energy prices; India facing a severe balance of payment crisis, needing an IMF bailout; fall of National Front government in two and a half years and subsequently Chandrashekhar government within six months, and a minority government led by P. V Narasimha Rao at the helm in Delhi; first major financial market (Harshad Mehta) scam in India; belligerent BJP taking out Rath Yatra from Somnath to Ayodhya, Mosque demolition in Ayodhya and subsequent acts of terrorism that killed thousands; a slew of economic reforms causing the decimation of numerous MSME businesses. Commodities producers led the charge in this rally.

During 1999-2000, markets scaled new highs (Nifty up 42%) despite massive political uncertainties (3 general elections in 3 years); severe global economic sanctions post-1998 nuclear tests leading to sharp growth deceleration and capital outflows; LTCM default; sharp currency devaluation by Brazil, an Asian economic crisis; etc. The market rally was however very narrow, mostly led by IT services and the Internet.

The 2003-2007 market move was perhaps the most phenomenal (Nifty up 461%). Markets scaled new highs without any earnings growth. Corporate and lenders’ balance sheets worsened at an unprecedented pace – both in India and globally. The up move was much broader with consumers, financials, and capex all contributing in some measure.

The 2017-2024 market rally is remarkable in more than one sense (Nifty up 170% so far). First, it is perhaps the longest bull market in India. It survived the worst pandemic in over 100 years, rather easily. It has also survived, perhaps what could be termed the worst geopolitical crisis since the end of the Cold War. The leadership of the rally has rotated remarkably between a variety of sectors like consumers, financials, small and midcaps, capital goods, infra builders, realty, commodities, energy, healthcare, IT services, telecom & digital, etc.

My take on the current equity up move is:

1. Equity markets have always looked for opportunities in the crisis. The markets are looking much beyond whatever is happening today. Of course, there will be intermittent corrections and crashes, but Indian equities are geared for much longer bull markets this time, regardless of the global conditions. We have seen similar secular bull markets in the US, Europe, Japan, etc. in the post-WWII era.

2. The Indian equity market may be inching towards reality, i.e., rising income inequalities, stressed household finances, geopolitical uncertainties, and near-shoring and friend-shoring. The market is rewarding premium consumption, workforce rationalization (cost cutting), geopolitics (defense), local capex, manufacturing, and logistic infra, etc., and punishing staple consumption, savings, etc.

3. The market is not expecting any significant disruption due to civil unrest or political changes.

…to continue tomorrow

Tuesday, February 27, 2024

Cognitive dissonance

Last week an appeal purportedly issued by Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, to its alumni, seeking their help in the placement of its current students went viral on social media. The appeal mentioned that the global economy may be experiencing its worst slump in decades, with around 4 lac employees being laid off since January 2022. The cost-cutting measures taken by the small and large businesses have resulted in hiring restrictions (including at the campus level) and a funding winter. It added, that the hiring slowdown has deepened in recent months. Some other top-level higher education institutions have also reported challenges in campus placements.

As per a Mint report, the total headcount of the top five IT services firms in India has fallen by ~65000 during the year 2023. About five million aspirants applied for 60000 police constable posts in UP. The applicants' ordeal in traveling to the examination center and then returning disappointed due to paper-leak was also discussed widely on social media. In a seemingly unrelated occurrence, the market capitalization of the US tech company reached close to USD2trn, about half of India’s GDP. The stock price of the company has risen ~20x in the past five years.

In my discussions with friends on this aspect of the economy, the three most common suspicions were:

(a) If the condition of the economy is so bad, why are the equity markets booming?

(b) If the job crisis is so severe, why is the incumbent government so popular, especially among the youth?

(c) The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is still in the early stages. How many more job losses shall we witness in the coming years due to automation?

I will be happy to hear readers’ views on this cognitive dissonance; before I share my random thoughts tomorrow.

Wednesday, February 21, 2024

Keep the option open

My recent interactions with many market participants indicated that selling deep Out of Money (OTM) options (mostly Call Options) on the last day of the weekly option expiry days (e.g., Wednesday for Nifty Bank and Thursday for Nifty50) has become a very popular trading strategy for many high networth individuals (HNIs). By pledging stocks, mutual funds, and bank deposits as margin money, HNIs claim to be enhancing their overall returns by 6% to 8% p.a. using this trading strategy.

Surprisingly, most brokers and money managers, who run this strategy for their clients, are selling this as a risk-free strategy arguing that a move of 5% of more in Nifty50 or Bank Nifty on the expiry day is unlikely. An option of strike price 5% away from the current index value will hence expire worthless.

There are three points to be considered in this regard, in my view.

1. In recent years we have not witnessed large (5% or more) daily moves in benchmark indices. In fact, we have hardly seen moves of more than 3% on a daily closing basis in the past 5 years. Nonetheless, terming this strategy as risk-free is highly inappropriate. During 2007-2013 there were more than 40 daily moves of 5% or more. There were more than five daily moves of 10% or more in Nifty during that period. Under the present global economic and geopolitical conditions, it would be unreasonable to completely rule recurrence of multiple large moves.

Considering that the premium earned on selling deep OTM options on the expiry day is minuscule, theoretically, a sudden large move can negate years of earnings in one single day.

2. The composition of market activity in India has materially changed since the global financial crisis days when 3-5% daily moves in the index were not uncommon. In FY08, before the global financial crisis, the single stock futures (inarguably the riskiest derivative product) comprised 58% of the total derivative segment turnover, whereas the safest product index options were just 10%. In FY23 Index options were 97.7% of the derivative segment turnover, while stock futures were just 0.5%. Obviously, the systemic risk is now minimal. The potential losses are very well defined and adequately provided for through stringent margins.

3. The rise in popularity of option trading presents a moral dilemma for the regulators. No prizes for guessing that the counterparty to the OTM options sold by HNIs in their trading strategy are mostly small traders for whom an OTM option is nothing but a lottery ticket.

As per a Bloomberg report, in 2023, Indians traded a whopping 85.3 billion options contracts. No other country trades such humongous volumes of options contacts annually, not even the United States (US). For perspective, in 2023, the United States traded 11.2 billion options contracts, while Brazil traded only 2.4 billion contracts, and the data from the rest of the world is almost comparatively negligible. In India, 35% of options trades are done by small (retail) traders.

As per a Securities and Exchange Board of India's (SEBI) January 2023 study, 90% of active retail traders lose money trading options and derivative contracts. As per the latest available data, these small (retail) traders collectively lost $5.4 billion (nearly Rs 44,848 crore) in trading options in the year ending March 2022. On average, loss makers registered a net trading loss of close to ₹50,000.

Unlike most western and Asian countries, in India, there are very few legal avenues for betting. Only nine states in India permit legal lottery business. Other legal betting avenues like horse racing, casino etc. are also accessible to a limited proportion of population (mostly HNIs). Under these circumstances, “betting” on options is the most convenient alternative available to people who aspire to become rich “by luck”.

The dilemma for regulators is whether they should keep this avenue of betting open with adequate safeguards, or close it for small traders, just like the lottery business was banned in many states during the 1990s.

In my view, the regulator should keep this option open with due safeguards, lest the aspirants may be forced to resort to illegal/unregulated means and lose even more.

Tuesday, February 20, 2024

An unpopular opinion

The benchmark Nifty50 scaled a new all-time high-level yesterday. Analyzing the current market trends, I get some signals that suggest that a significant correction (8% to 10%) in the benchmark Nifty50, though not imminent, is certainly on its way. I feel not imminent, because (i) the top stocks that could have caused an immediate slump are notably underperforming the Index, and (ii) a much deeper correction ought to occur first in the broader market indices that materially outperformed Nifty50 in the past one year.

YTD2024, the benchmark Nifty50 has been supported mostly by the energy, healthcare, and auto sectors; while the heavyweight financials and consumers have massively underperformed. Though there are no significant triggers for a strong recovery in the financial and consumer sectors, a technical upmove cannot be ruled. This might result in a Nifty50 spurt before a correction sets in.

It is pertinent to note that a correction in the outperforming energy (ex-Reliance), auto, and healthcare sectors may not trigger a material correction in Nifty50, as the weightage of these sectors is not enough to trigger a major correction in Nifty50.

I guess that a deeper and more meaningful correction is more likely to occur in a traditionally weaker market period of May and June. I say so for five simple reasons.

a) The number of large daily movements in benchmark indices on closing, as well as intraday basis, has increased substantially in the past month. This trend usually weakens the technical fabric of the market.

b) There are clear category preferences visible in investors' activities along with unreasonably higher valuations in preferred categories. Normally a sign of a bubble in the market.

c) Policy focus is driven by the market and the market is obsessed with policy focus. Usually, this harmony of market and policy is unsustainable - because it leads to misallocation of resources and higher volatility due to political events.

d) Despite higher interest rates, a larger number of household investors are driven to equities. Logically, it is an unsustainable trend.

e) The household investors’ participation in highly speculative options trading is scaling new highs. Historically this trend has never ended well. (more on this tomorrow)

f) Policy rate cut speculations, that had initially driven the global equity rally, are losing steam. A hawkish Fed in March might adversely impact the risk-on mood.

I will be the happiest person on this earth to be proven thoroughly wrong on this count. But till it happens, I shall hold this view and stay cautious on my equity portfolio.

Thursday, February 15, 2024

State of industry in India

Last week, the National Statistical Office (NSO) released the outcome of the latest Annual Survey of Industries (2021-2022). The survey results provide important insights into the current state of the Indian industry. Some key highlights of the survey results are as follows:

· Growth: The year 2021-22 witnessed a sharp rise in level as well as in the growth of the majority of the important economic parameters like invested capital, input, output, GVA, net income, and net profit registered by the sector and even surpassed the pre-pandemic level in absolute value terms.

· The main drivers of this growth in 2021-22 were industries like the Manufacture of Basic metal, Coke & Refined Petroleum Products, Pharmaceutical Products, Motor vehicles, Food Products and Chemical and Chemical products. These industries, taken together, contributed about 56% of the total GVA of the sector and showed GVA growth of 34.4% and output growth of 37.5% in comparison to 2020-21.

· Employment: The estimated number of persons engaged in this sector in 2021-22 has exceeded the pre-pandemic level (that is 2018-19) by more than 9.35 lakh. The top five states employing the highest number of persons in manufacturing were Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana.

· Wage Growth: Average emoluments also registered an increase with the average salary earned per employee in this sector had gone up by 1.7% in 2020-21 and by 8.3% in 2021-22 in comparison to the respective previous years.

· Regional dispersion: The top five states, taken together, contributed about 53% of the total manufacturing GVA of the country in 2020-21 as well as in 2021-22. Gujarat remained at the top in 2020-21 and in the second position in 2021-22 while Maharashtra ranked first in 2021-22 and second in 2020-21. These two states were followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh in both years.

· Key produce: Food (16.35%), Non-metal minerals (11.87%), Textile (6.86%), Fabricated Metal (6.44%), Rubber and Plastic products (6.01%) were the top category of operational factories.

· No. of factories: There was a total of 2,00,576 operational factories in India at the end of FY22. About 49400 or about one-fifth of the total factories were inoperational. About 51% of the total operational factories were in the top 5 states – Tamil Nadu (15.76%); Gujarat (11.63%), Maharashtra (10.16%), Uttar Pradesh (7.03%), and Andhra Pradesh (6.24%). Gujarat factories were the most capital-intensive (18.43% of total fixed capital).

·
Debt: Manufacturing units had a total of Rs13971 billion loan outstanding at the end of FY22. The average interest cost of these loans was 11.7%.

Wednesday, February 14, 2024

Not so defensive

Self-reliance in the defense sector has been one of the major investment themes in the past three years. Besides dedicated public sector defense manufacturers, the stocks of many equipment and service providers to the Indian defense establishments have seen a sharp upmove. In the melee to own “defense stocks,” many investors have ignored the basic principles of investment and buying stocks of these companies at any price.

I had written a cautionary post about this many months ago (see here). The trend has only strengthened in the past six months. Stocks, even remotely associated with the defense sector, have seen hyperbolic moves. I feel the interest in the sector that was driven initially by optimism, may have crossed over the realm of exuberance.

Tuesday, February 13, 2024

My takeaway from Putin’s interview

Recently, an interview (watch here or read here) with Russian President Vladimir Putin has been trending in the media worldwide. In this two-hour seventeen minute long interview, President Putin touched upon many important issues concerning global economics and geopolitics. Experts from the world over are analyzing the interview from multiple angles, e.g., strategic, political, geopolitics, economics, etc. Most analysis I have come across is deeply biased. The starting point of most comments is the trustworthiness of President Putin. Most Western analysts seem to be rejecting Putin’s assertions as mere propaganda; while the analysts from Eastern and Southern analysts are using the contents of the interview to justify their opinions about the US agencies (deep state) and NATO.

In India, pro-establishment media and experts have mostly refrained from commenting on the interview; whereas the critics of the establishment have used this opportunity to emphasize that President Putin has answered many tough questions while Prime Minister Modi chooses not to answer media questions. I have not seen much discussion in Indian media on the assertions made by President Putin.

As a tiny fish in the pond, I am incapable of making any intelligent comments on matters of global or even national importance. Nonetheless, I found the following three things in the interview that interested me as a small investor.

· “China's economy has become the first economy in the world in purchasing power parity; in terms of volume, it overtook the US a long time ago. The USA comes second, then India - one and a half billion people, and then Japan, with Russia in the fifth place.”

This is the only mention of India in this 2:17:19 hrs. interview. Indonesia got much more prominent mentions. China was repeatedly mentioned as a formidable global power. The recent trade trends are suggesting that near-shoring, friend-shoring, and China-proxy-shoring are emerging as more popular trends. Indonesia, Mexico, Vietnam, etc. are emerging as much stronger gainers of the China+1 strategy as compared to India.

· President Putin made it clear, in no uncertain terms, that the era of global peace that prevailed particularly in the post-Cold War period is mostly over. We are entering an era of mutual mistrust; frequent disruptions; persistent and potent threats of a larger war; and redistribution of global power.

This implies that (i) defense spending will increase for most nations; (ii) given the current state of the stretched fiscal position of most developed nations, the collateral damage of higher defense spending will be humanitarian aid; (iii) Rising mistrust may also result in tightly closed borders, adversely impacting immigration; (iv) Volatility in markets will rise materially; and (v) USD will face persistent pressures.

It appears too early for India to claim self-reliance in defense production. It is also early to anticipate that India could become the fulcrum of any major global alliance in the next few years. This means we could face serious trade and foreign policy challenges soon. The recent performance of the government in this regard is not very inspiring.

· President Putin hinted that Artificial Intelligence (AI) needs to be regulated and there must be a global understanding on this subject.

Failure to reach a wider understanding may pose a similar (if not greater) risk to the global peace and stability as the stockpile of nuclear weapons did in 20^th century. Misuse of AI could be devastating. The US and China are miles ahead of India in the development and deployment of AI in most areas, especially defense technology.

The implications for my investment strategy are as follows:

· The sentiment of nationalism apart, for small investors like me it may not make much sense to place significant bets on the China+1 theme. To global investors markets like Indonesia and Mexico may offer better opportunities.

· We should embrace higher volatility. The post global financial crisis (GFC) era of low volatility may be over in the next few quarters.

· Overstretched fiscal positions and the specter of war may keep rates elevated for longer than presently anticipated, even if China accelerates the export of deflation. The cost of global capital could rise for Indian entrepreneurs.

· It may not be a great idea to buy USD-denominated assets for small investors.

· Defense production and AI will remain relevant themes for many years. But buying these at any price may not be a good idea. (more on this tomorrow.

Friday, February 9, 2024

A summer of discontent

Earlier this week, Prime Minister Narendra Modi claimed that the incumbent ruling dispensation (NDA) shall return to power in 100 days with a much larger majority. The popular political debate is now getting narrowed to the question “whether NDA will return to power with 300/545 seats or 400/545 seats”.

On the other side of the globe, the political debate in the US is also fast reaching the point where the most relevant question would be “Who will Donald trump defeat in the November presidential elections?”

The ever-forward-looking financial markets are not oblivious to these more likely political outcomes. It is therefore safe to assume that the current prices have factored in the election victories of Modi and Trump. Thus, from a political viewpoint, one should not anticipate a significant upside to the financial markets. An unexpected election outcome may though result in a material downside.

In the latest episode of Greed & Fear, Christopher Wood (of Jefferies), said about the US markets, “The stock market is priced for an idealized soft landing while the money markets are priced for a degree of monetary easing which only seems likely in the event of a recession. The fed fund futures are now discounting 144bps of rate cuts this year. On the US stock market, the Nasdaq 100 is now trading at 24.4x one-year forward earnings and the Russell 2000 is trading at 22.6x, compared with 19.6x for the S&P500, according to Bloomberg.”

The summer in the US is therefore going to be full of discontent. A soft landing (further earnings downgrades, slower consumption, and rising financial stress) may limit the upside in stocks while the Fed pushing the rate cut beyond May’24 may cause restlessness in the bond markets.

Back in India, the chances of any further re-rating of equities are getting slim.

· Private consumption slowdown is now well accepted. The interim budget has made it clear that even public consumption is not likely to improve anytime soon.

· The budgetary allocation for capital expenditure in the sunrise sectors Defense, Railways, Utilities, etc. has seen meager growth in FY25BE. The valuations of the stocks of these sectors may not see any further PER re-rating. The returns from here logically should be similar to the earnings growth in these businesses. Any disappointment in execution may however see a sharp sell-off.

· Decelerating global growth shall keep export growth under check. The downward shift in growth trajectories of the US and China could also spill over to India through several transmission channels, such as trade in goods and services, commodity prices, and investment.

· RBI has also made it clear that going forward it is not an all-blue-sky scenario for the Indian economy this summer. The risks to inflation and growth are at best balanced. The bond markets may not be fully pricing in the downside risks.

I do not want to sound like a party pooper. Nonetheless, I am happy to use this spring for repairing my roof, servicing my air-conditioner, and oiling my vehicle. Just in case, there is a cloud burst, sudden heat wave, or flood warnings needing immediate re-location.