Showing posts with label Economics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Economics. Show all posts

Wednesday, April 13, 2022

Gorillas in the room

In the past few years I have been disappointed multiple times for not reading adequate and missing on most relevant pieces of information. Being an ordinary mortal, I have not taken the blame for this on myself’. I have rather chosen to blame the deluge of data and information that has been persistently inundating my mindscape.

The flow of data is so overwhelming that discerning the important from the redundant has been a real challenge; especially because important is usually very marginal and underwhelming. The redundant, manipulated and superfluous is forcefully pushed and pursued relentlessly. The lines between the truth and untruth, conscientious and manipulative, data and information, relevant and redundant have been obviously obliterated or should I say brutally violated.

Most of the financial and economic literature I have come across in the past couple of years has focused on analysing the topics like digitalization of economy, modern monetary theory (unsustainability of it and disastrous likely consequences), spectre of hyperinflation, pandemic and its long term economic consequences, geopolitical reset (deglobulisation, ultra nationalism etc.).

The financial and economic literature does not appear to have adequately emphasized on some megatrends that may have far reaching implications for the global economy. I, of course, write this fully acknowledging the limitations of my small knowledge base.

Three of these could be listed as follows:

Rise of new class of feudal czars

The world is now being increasingly dominated by corporate czars. Though, the role of large corporate in policy making was always material; but in earlier days it was mostly limited to the areas of taxation and banking. In recent years these large corporates, especially the digital businesses, have become all pervasive. They blatantly influenced geopolitics, domestic & international politics, fiscal policies, and markets (including household consumption patterns), etc.

The communist China has taken decisive action and curtailed their area of influence. But democratic USA, UK and Europe etc. are meekly surrendering to this new class of feudal lords. The politicians and administrations are happy being subservient to the corporations that have grown much bigger than the entire economy of a large number of countries.

Most of the global population is not only within the sphere of their influence but addicted to their products and services. For example, a one week shutdown of google services could be catastrophic to the world. When was the last time one corporate so important to the world?

This demise of democracy at the altar of corporate feudalism will of course have far reaching implications for the global economy.

Abandoning the basic principles of economics

The principles of classical and neo-classical economics are being violated with impunity; and while doing so no new economic theory is being propounded. It appears that global markets are abandoning the theory of economics per se. Of course, we shall witness chaos in the global markets, till a new framework is put in place, or we decide to revert to the old system.

Some examples of abandoning the basic principles of economics in favour of chaos are as follows:

(i)    The factors of production (man, money, land, machine & technology) are finite and should be used in an optimum manner. The resources should be allocated to the most efficient producer to achieve the economies of scale, optimization of cost and maximization of productivity.

However, diminishing cooperation and growing mistrust between countries is violating this principle. Geopolitics rather than economics is guiding the allocation of scarce resources.

(ii)   Goods or services of economic value must have a price at which it could be exchanged.

But some of the most used services (e.g., Google search) in the world are now free. In some cases, people are even paid to use some of these services (e.g., digital payments). Online trading platforms are selling goods at much lower rates that the cost of procurement. Interest rates have been negative on trillions of worth of bonds for years now.

(iii)  Competition is good for the economy.

Markets for many large products and services are becoming monopolies and oligopolies. Competition is not being allowed to develop.

Distancing of human beings

The trend for the past few decades was shortening of distances. Technology was bringing people closer. However, the past few years have seen the trend reversing suddenly. Technology is increasingly facilitating people to isolate themselves from the outside world. The dictum “Man is a social animal” appears to be becoming completely redundant.

This trend, if it gathers more momentum, shall catalyse reorientation of many things. The businesses, services and administration may now begin to focus more on secluded individuals, rather than families and communities. The concept of cities and villages might need rethinking. The political system which are based on people acting in groups (electoral democracies, participative communism, etc.) may become redundant for lack of participation.

Of course, there is no investment theme in these thoughts. But I feel these are not entirely random or utopian thoughts.

I shall be happy to receive views from the readers.

 

Friday, April 24, 2020

Cheaper is not always better



The elementary principle of economics is that the price of a thing that has any economic value is determined by the forces of demand and supply. Often in the short term a state of inequilibrium may exist leading to higher volatility in prices. However, the equilibrium is usually restored by operation of a variety of factors.
There is no denial that economics is youngest amongst the scientific discipline and pure scientists hesitate in admitting it as a discipline of science. Nonetheless it is evolving fast and becoming popular. Not getting into this academic debate, what I have understood is that in popular economics theory is that:
(a)   Price of currency is usually a function of demand and supply of that currency at any given point in time. Higher supply should normally lead to lower exchange value and vice versa. The demand of the currency is determined by the relative real rate of return (interest) and structure of economic activity (e.g., current account balance and inflation) in the parent jurisdiction.
(b)   Price for a particular commodity is determined by the demand and supply conditions of that commodity at any given point in time. The demand of commodities fluctuates as per the level of economic activity in the consuming jurisdiction, export demand and outlook for the foreseeable future. The supply of commodities may fluctuate due to a variety of reason - local to the producing jurisdiction as well global. Cost of production, weather conditions, civil and geopolitical disruptions, inventory levels & cost of carrying inventory, etc are some of the key factors that may influence the supply of commodities in the short term.
(c)    Interest rates are usually function of demand and supply of the money in the monetary system. Demand for money is again impacted by the level of economic activity and outlook in foreseeable future; whereas supply of money is mostly a function of risk perception and relative returns.
The traits of human behavior like "greed", "fear", "complacence", "renunciation", and "aspirations" are usually accounted for as the balancing factors for demand and supply and not considered as determinates of price as such. This in my view is the cause of most problems facing global economy in the present times. Consequently, the business of forecasting and trading in currencies, money and commodities has become extremely difficult and fraught with risk. The huge volatility and irrationality in crude oil market in past 6 months is just an example of this.
In past three months I have seen hundreds of reports forecasting prices of commodities, currencies, and interest rates. Most of these forecasts appear mere extrapolation of the current price trend and hence do not inspire any confidence.
In Indian context, exchange value of INR, 10yr benchmark yield and crude oil prices evoke much interest. Interestingly most economic growth forecasts appear predicated on these, whereas logically it should be the other way round.
INR depreciation is beyond economics
In the summer of 2007, I had just moved to the financial capital Mumbai from the political capital Delhi. The mood was as buoyant as it could be. Everyday plane loads of foreign investors and NRIs would alight at Mumbai airport with bagful of Dollars. They would spend two hours in sweltering heat to reach the then CBD Nariman point (Worli Sea link was not there and BKC was still underdeveloped), and virtually stand in queue to get a deal where they can burn those greenbacks.
Mumbai properties were selling like hot cakes. Every day one used to hear some mega property deal. NRIs from middle east, Europe and US were buying properties without even bothering to have a look at them.
Bank were hiring jokers for USD 100 to 500k salary for doing nothing. I was of course one of these jokers!
That was the time, when sub-prime crisis has just started to grab headlines. Indian economic cycle started turning down in spring of 2007, with inflation raising its head. RBI had already started tightening. Bubble was already blown and waiting for the pin that would burst it.
INR appreciated more than 10% vs. USD in first six months of 2007.
Then INR depreciated over 75% during period from January 2008 to August 2013. This was the time when Fed was printing USD at an unprecedented rate. There was no shortage of EUR, GBP and JPY either.
The point I am making is that in the present times when most globally relevant central bankers are using unconventional policy measures with impunity to stabilize their respective economies, the value of currency is seldom a function of demand and supply alone.
Regardless of the economic theory, it is the faith of people in a particular currency that is primary determinate of its relative exchange value.
2005-2007 was the time when the Indians had developed good faith in their currency. Local people were happy retaining their wealth in INR assets, despite liberal remittance regulations and NRIs were eager to convert a part of their USD holding in INR assets. The situation changed 2010 onwards. There is no sign of reversal yet. Despite huge popularity of Narendra Modi amongst overseas Indians, we have not seen any material change in remittance pattern in past six years. Despite tighter regulations, local people appear keen to diversify their INR assets. Most of the USD inflows have come from "professional investors" who invest others' money to earn their salaries and bonuses. These flows are bound to chase the flavor of the day, not necessarily the best investment. Whereas the outflows are mostly personal, or by corporates with material promoters' stakes.
In my view, no amount of FII/FDI money can strengthen INR if Indians do not have faith in their own currency. Yield and inflation have become secondary considerations.
...so are interest rates
Yesterday, RBI auctioned 91 days and 182 days treasuries bills at far below the policy repo rate and lower than the recently reduced reverse repo rate. Even at ~3.6%, it accepted only one fifth of the bids received. SBI has reduced the rates on whole sale fixed deposits to 2.5%.
Obviously, the supply of money at this point in time is overwhelming higher than the demand. Like crude, banks have no place to park their deposits.
However, interpreting these lower rates as supportive for growth would be a huge mistake; just as it was with lower crude prices (see here). In fact in the present circumstances, low interest rates are likely to do more harm to the economy than help it. In next 12months, there is going to be hardly nay growth in investment demand irrespective of the interest rates. However, lower interest rates may damage the consumption demand as it may lead to lower interest and rental income for consumers, negative real return for savers, worsening income inequality.
Remember, lower interest rates because demand for money is less is as bad a thing as in case of anything else.