Tuesday, October 16, 2018

Present tense, but hope prevails

Wishing all readers a blissful Durga Ashtami and an illuminating Dusshera!
असतो मा सदगमय॥ तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय॥ मृत्योर्मामृतम् गमय॥
(Let's move from falsehood to truth; from darkness to light and from decay to salvation)
 
Some food for thought
A wind has blown the rain away and blown the sky away
and all the leaves away,
and the trees stand.
I think,
I too, have known autumn too long.
—E. E. Cummings (American Poet, 1894-1962)
Word for the day
Patzer (n)
A casual, amateurish chess player
 
First random thought this morning
An overwhelming large proportion of politicians and their supporters in India appear mostly unemployed or at best employed in disguise. Many of them have voluntarily taken up the job of "Certifying Authority".
They are issuing certificates about anything and everything. For example—
Certificate of nationalism credentials: BJP leaders and supporters certifies all those as "nationalist" who support RSS, BJP, VHP et. al. Whereas Congress leaders and supporters is however more selective. they feel that since INC was the only agency that negotiated modalities of independence with the British Empire, only descendents of pre independence INC leaders  could be certified as Nationalists.
Certificate of Religion: People on BJP side make a distinction between Hindu and Non-Hindu, Ramzade and otherwise; etc. A Congress leader has gone a step further and made distinction between "Good Hindus" and "Other Hindus"
Certificate of Indianness: BJP and its Supporters feel that only those who publicly chant Bharat Mata ki Jai and sing Vande Matram can be certified as Indians. Congress would however be happy to certify anyone who is likely to vote for Rahul Gandhi as PM.
Chart of the day

 
Notes from my Diary
The members of International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), comprising of finance ministers and central bankers of the members of IMF and World Bank, almost made it clear the expansion of global economy seen in past five years is facing strong headwinds. There may be some pockets of growth, but an overall pickup in global growth is not seen in next few years.
The final communiqué issued last weekend, post the Bali meet of IMFC, categorically stated that the risks to the global growth are now "increasingly skewed to the downside amid heightened trade tensions and ongoing geopolitical concerns, with tighter financial conditions particularly affecting many emerging market and developing countries. Policy uncertainty, historically high debt levels, rising financial vulnerabilities, and limited policy space could further undermine confidence and growth prospects."
The following five commitments made in the final communiqué are noteworthy, in my view:
"Central banks, in line with their mandates and mindful of financial stability risks, should maintain monetary accommodation where inflation is below target, and withdraw it in a gradual, well-communicated, and data dependent manner where inflation is close to or above target."
"We recognize that excessive volatility or disorderly movements in exchange rates can have adverse implications for economic and financial stability. We will refrain from competitive devaluations and will not target our exchange rates for competitive purposes."
"We will strive to address challenges from demographic shifts and enhance inclusion to widely share the gains from technological advancement and economic integration. We will work together to reduce excessive global imbalances in a way that supports sustainable global growth."
To me these three pledges of IMFC members clearly highlight that the concerns over US-China trade war are rising may overwhelm the policy stance across the world in short term.
Back home, RBI released its latest Consumer Confidence Survey results last week.
The Survey highlights that the genesis of the dichotomy in Indian markets. The Indian consumers are significantly less confident about the current conditions, but still remain overly optimistic in their future expectations.

 
The September quarter results of FMCG major Hindustan Unilever truly reflect this condition.
The results could be said to termed as "Good" per se. But if compared with the market expectations, these were below par. The stock price did also correct some to factor in the disappointment. But since the future expectations are still running high, the derating of stocks is still far away.
In light of what IMFC fears, and what I expect from 2019, I find the following economic forecast of Capital Economics, more reasonable to base my strategy upon.
From today onward, I shall be travelling to MP and Chhattisgarh for 5days. I will share my assessment of the socio-political situation there next week.

Friday, October 12, 2018

NBFC conundrum



Some food for thought
"It's not that I'm so smart, it's just that I stay with problems longer."
—Albert Einstein (German Physicist, 1879-1955)
Word for the day
Vulgarian (n)
A vulgar person, especially one whose vulgarity is more conspicuous because of wealth or prominence.
 
First random thought this morning
#MeToo campaign has reached Indian shores and is dominating the media headlines these days. Some women have decided to speak against the men who have misused their position and exploited them.
I am confident that this movement will certainly provide courage to many women who are being exploited. This will also instill some sense of fear amongst the lechers prowling on these unsuspecting women.
From my small corporate life, I have seen the ugliest side of this phenomenon. This cancer must be eliminated from our society.
Media on its part is playing the easy game here. They are highlighting only those cases where either the exploiter or the victim is a celebrity. The desirable thing would be approach the common people and encourage them to speak up. Motivate them to narrate their story to the world so that the women who are not resourceful, rich or famous also feel part of the campaign.
It is shocking to see that the government has been mostly silent or dismissive on this issue so far. A central minister has even suggested that it may be a ploy to blackmail popular people. It is deplorable.
I feel the government should come out openly in support of the women and encourage them to speak up whenever faced with a situation of exploitation. Would be a brilliant idea, if the prime minister himself sets an example!
Chart of the day
 

NBFC conundrum

Non bank financing companies (popularly known as NBFCs) are at the center of the nervousness in Indian markets. The market participants are much more concerned about the turmoil in debt market, than the equity markets.
Apparently, the concerns have been triggered by default of IL&FS, a hitherto top rated infrastructure lender in the country. This led to substantial MTM losses in numerous debt, income and money market funds. Unsubstantiated rumors about liquidity problems at the third largest housing finance company in the country (DHFL) have further exacerbated the situation.
As it happened that stocks of financial companies and banks had the maximum weight in most of the equity portfolios, the jitters soon traversed to the equity market. Real estate and infra builders also witnessed a massive sell off.
In case any of the readers is feeling that the present correction is consequence of one off IL&FS default and rumor mongering, I would like to share my oversimplified view with them.
(a)   Non bank financing companies raise money primarily from the following five sources:
(i)    Equity from promoters and other shareholders and retained earnings (reserves).
(ii)   Long term borrowing through issuance of bonds and preference shares.
(iii)  Transfer of borrowers' accounts to banks and other institutions, through securitization or outright sale of its credit assets.
(iv)   Short term borrowing from banks and other institutions through credit lines and commercial papers (maturity ranging from 1month to 12months).
(v)    Fixed deposits from retail investors (maturity 1yr to 5yr).
(b)   NBFCs are required to maintain Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio CRAR) as specified by RBI from time to time. So, if the specified CRAR is 15%, an NBFC cannot lend more than 6.67x its capital (Equity, preference and reserves). This implies that an NBFC can borrow maximum 5.67x of its capital (15% owned funds and maximum 85% borrowing).
(c)    The efficiency of an NBFC is measured in terms of how much return it can generate from its loan book (Return on Assets or ROA). ROA is function of three factors:
(1)   The differential or spread between the cost of borrowing and rate of lending for that NBFC (net interest margin or NIM);
(2)   Operating cost of the business or simply revenue expenses like salary, rent etc.; and
(3)   Credit cost or amount of bad debts (NPA).
(d)   Ideally for an NBFC, the mix of borrowing from various sources of funds should be directly proportionate to the maturity profile of its debtors. For example, if an NBFC gives housing loans of 5-25years or funds long gestation industrial or infrastructure projects, it should raise funds mostly from equity and long term bonds. Whereas, if an NBFC finances purchase of consumer durable for 6-18months, it should raise more money from short term instruments like CP, fixed deposits etc.
(e)    However in practice, NBFCs do not exactly follow this principle of Asset Liability Matching (ALM). In their endeavor to maximize their NIM, they take risk and borrow short term (if it is cheaper) and lend long term (to make few basis point extra spread). In a stable interest rate environment this works well. However, as the near term rate rise, they face roll over
risk on their short term instruments. Remember, since they have lent only long term, there would be no repayment from their borrowers. They need to repay their existing short term borrowing only from their new borrowing, which could be at a higher rate. So their NIMs come under pressure.
The situation further worsens if there is a liquidity squeeze in the market and for some reason they are not able to roll over their short term debt. This leads to default in honoring their commitment towards the retiring debt. A default can lead to downgrade in their credit rating and hence even higher overall cost of borrowing and even lower NIMs.
So, we can see that even though the NBFC has adequate amount of good assets to honor all its liabilities, a mismatch between maturity profile of its assets and liabilities can make it a defaulter.
(f)    There are also cases where to make few extra basis points in interest or stay in competition, NBFCs lend to borrowers with poor credentials (subprime lending). The chances of defaults by these subprime borrowers are much higher as compared to the standard borrowers. So if economy turns down, or rates begin to rise, the credit cost of NBFCs also rises sharply.
So, basically it is the greed to make few basis points in additional interest that mostly leads to troubles with NBFCs.
This is the debt market part. Now let's come to the equity market.
In an environment of abundant liquidity and stable to low interest rates, NBFCs are able to generate extraordinary RoA (primarily driven by higher NIMs) by creating an asset liability mismatch (ALM) in their books as the roll over risk is perceived to be pretty low.
Analysts extrapolate these cyclically higher earnings to perpetuity and assign lofty valuations to these NBFCs. For instance, a couple of months back, most large NBFCs were trading at 3.5 to 8x their book value and were still being termed "attractively valued" by a majority of analysts.
Now as the global liquidity is getting squeezed, inflationary expectations have risen and rates are expected to climb steeply, many NBFCs running poor ALM, are facing roll over and default risks. Besides, almost all NBFCs face prospects of sharp earning downgrades as spreads shrink and credit costs rise.
This is not necessarily a localized temporary problem. This could well be end of this leg of the dream run for NBFCs. The prospects of implementation of significantly tighter regulations by RBI shall further impact the business.
We shall see a large number of smaller and weaker players getting eliminated, midsized players decimated and large efficient players downsized. The survivors shall of course make merry as the cycle will inevitably turn in due course. If you want to study more, please see what happened during 1993-1996.
As I wrote yesterday, "In case you want to enjoy the feast, you need to survive till good times arrive; lest Brahmins and crow shall enjoy the feast. (see here)