In the aftermath of devastation that took place due to the second world war (WWII), some key global institutions were created and multilateral agreements signed to (i) avert chances of another major war; (ii) enhance global cooperation for accelerated reconstruction work; and (iii) promotion of globalization of trade and commerce to ensure equitable growth and development. Bretton Wood agreement signed in 1944 was one of such efforts.
The Bretton Woods agreement established the U.S. dollar as the
reserve currency for world. The idea was to prevent competitive devaluations of
currencies, avert trade wars and promote international economic cooperation for
growth & development. The Bretton Wood signatories agreed to maintain fixed
exchange rates between their respective currencies and the US Dollar. The US
dollar in turn was pegged to the price of the gold.
Until WWI, most countries followed the gold standard for their
respective currencies; which essentially meant that they promised to exchange
their currencies for gold of equivalent value as per the current international
prices of gold. This significantly constricted the flexibility in their
monetary policy, as only a few countries had enough gold reserves to back their
monetary requirements for development efforts needed in post war period.
Abandoning the gold standard, they printed massive amount of money leading to
hyperinflation, which eventually led to great depression and another great war.
Post WWII, most countries considered reverting to gold standard.
However, since at that time, US had held more than three fourth of global gold
reserves at that time, it was felt that making the gold pegged USD the reserve
currency, instead of gold, would provide the necessary flexibility in monetary
policy (since unlike gold, the USD supply could be flexible) to support growth
and development.
The energy price led stagflation in US eventually led to the
demise of Bretton Wood agreement. To get the US economy out of stagflation (no
growth and high inflation) President Nixon sharply devalued the USD. Thus sharp
devaluation led to a run on the US gold reserves, forcing the US to unpeg USD
from gold prices and thus violating the Bretton Wood Agreement. The gold peg
ended in 1971 but USD continued to remain the reserve currency of the world in
absence of a viable alternative.
Last week, Kristalina Georgieva, IMF Managing Director, in her
speech called for a new Bretton Wood Moment for the world (see
here). Comparing the damage to the global economy caused by Covid-19
pandemic, she emphasized on the greater need for global cooperation to put the
global economy back on growth path. She said, “Today we face a new Bretton
Woods “moment.” A pandemic that has already cost more than a million
lives. An economic calamity that will make the world economy 4.4 % smaller this
year and strip an estimated $11 trillion of output by next year. And untold
human desperation in the face of huge disruption and rising poverty for the
first time in decades. Once again, we face two massive tasks: to fight the
crisis today — and build a better tomorrow.”
She further adeed, “We face what I have called a Long
Ascent for the global economy: a climb that will be difficult, uneven,
uncertain—and prone to setbacks.
But it is a climb up. And we will have a chance to
address some persistent problems — low productivity, slow growth, high
inequalities, a looming climate crisis. We can do better than build back the
pre-pandemic world – we can build forward to a world that is more
resilient, sustainable, and inclusive. We must seize this new Bretton Woods
moment.”
She specifically called for “Prudent macroeconomic policies and
strong institutions”, “people centric policies” and “climate change” as three
imperatives for the new system.
Obviously, the emphasis is on greater global cooperation,
sustainability and equality. Unfortunately, a number of analysts, traders and
strategists have read her comment to mean return of gold standard.
Neils Christensen, quoted some of the popular comments in his
blog post (see
here) highlighting how the people are misreading her comments for a BULL
call on gold—
“Gold is on its way
back to monetary policy in a direct way. The IMF last week confirmed they WILL
NOT sell gold reserves. Now they are calling for a new Bretton Woods
arrangement. WELCOME TO THE ERA OF GOLD ? — Gold Telegraph
Imf calls for a new
Bretton Woods. A new gold standard. Sit tight. Evidence is piling. —
Gold Ventures
IT'S OFFICIAL IMF
CALLS FOR 'A NEW BRETTON WOODS' 'A New Bretton Woods Moment'— Willem
Middelkoop
A New Financial
System Backed By Gold. It Will Never Happen You All Said Bretton Woods Was A
Gold Backed Monetary System. The Best Is Yet To Come? Baba & Riddlers”
In my view, a new global order will definitely emerge out of
this pandemic. The new order will address sustainability and equity issues.
Gold will not be a key component of the new order. USD may retain its dominance
but it shall face serious challenge from other currencies, including the
digital currencies.
